Which of the following could lead to allegations of racial profiling?

Making stops based solely on race or ethnicity is the primary factor that could lead to allegations of racial profiling. This practice inherently suggests that individuals are being targeted and scrutinized not for any observable behavior or infraction, but simply because of their race or ethnic background. This approach undermines the principles of equal treatment under the law and can foster community distrust, as it conveys a message that certain groups are presumed to be more suspicious or involved in criminal activity based solely on their demographic characteristics.

In contrast, consistent traffic stops based on behavior, conducting routine checks on all vehicles, and using checkpoints to monitor traffic are based on observable actions or a standardized procedure rather than an individual's race. These practices, when applied fairly and consistently, are not inherently racially biased and do not typically lead to allegations of racial profiling.